John Pemberton

Early Life and Education

Coca-Cola, one of the world’s most popular drinks, was created by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton. John Pemberton faced personal and professional challenges, including chronic pain and addiction, on his journey to creating Coca-Cola.

John Stith Pemberton was born on July 8, 1831, in Knoxville, Georgia, to James C. Pemberton and Martha L. Gant. He spent much of his childhood in Rome, Georgia, where he developed an early interest in science and medicine. This passion led him to enroll in the Reform Medical College of Georgia, located in Macon. Pemberton became a qualified physician and chemist at 19 in 1850. His main talent was in chemistry, where he would later make significant contributions.

Early Career and Pharmaceutical Experiments

Pemberton practiced medicine and surgery after earning his medical degree, but his true interest was in pharmaceuticals. He opened his first drugstore in Columbus, Georgia, to experiment with medical formulas. Combining chemistry and medicine, his work as a pharmacist led to innovative products.

The Impact of the Civil War and Morphine Addiction

Pemberton’s life changed dramatically during the American Civil War. He was in the Third Cavalry Battalion of the Georgia State Guard. His chest was severely wounded during the Battle of Columbus in April 1865. Morphine was prescribed for the chronic pain caused by the injury. This caused Pemberton to develop an addiction to the drug. His addiction compelled him to seek non-addictive painkillers as substitutes. He started testing different compounds in 1866 to develop a painkiller without morphine.

The Creation of French Wine Coca

Pemberton proceeded with his experiments and later focused on coca leaves and wines made from coca. “Pemberton’s French Wine Coca,” a tonic consisting of coca leaf extract, kola nut, and damiana, was his most remarkable creation during this time. The beverage was advertised as a cure for multiple conditions. It rapidly became popular, especially among individuals seeking help with depression, alcoholism, and drug addiction.

The Birth of Coca-Cola

In 1886, Atlanta and Fulton County passed temperance legislation, which prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages. This forced Pemberton to develop a non-alcoholic version of his French Wine Coca. He began experimenting with a new formula that would eventually become Coca-Cola. While attempting to mix the base syrup with water, Pemberton accidentally used carbonated water instead. The resulting beverage was a refreshing, fizzy drink that was well-received by those who tried it.

Frank Mason Robinson, Pemberton’s bookkeeper, suggested the name “Coca-Cola” for the drink, highlighting the two main ingredients — coca and kola nuts. Robinson also designed the distinctive Spencerian script that is still used in Coca-Cola’s branding today. It was initially marketed as a medicinal tonic, with Pemberton making various health claims about its benefits. The beverage was advertised as “delicious, refreshing, pure joy, exhilarating, and invigorating.” It quickly gained popularity as a fountain drink, particularly in the southern United States.

Struggles and Final Years

Despite the success of Coca-Cola, Pemberton’s personal life was marked by illness and financial difficulties. He faced deteriorating health and ongoing struggles with morphine addiction. In a desperate attempt for financial stability, Pemberton sold the formula rights to his partners in Atlanta. In 1888, Pemberton and his son sold a portion of the patent to Asa Griggs Candler, an Atlanta pharmacist, for $300.

Death and Legacy

John Stith Pemberton passed away on August 16, 1888, in Atlanta, Georgia, at the age of 57. He died in poverty, still suffering from his addiction and the effects of stomach cancer. Despite his hardships, Pemberton’s legacy lives on through the iconic drink that has become a global symbol of refreshment.