Leo Tolstoy

Early Life and Family Background

Leo Tolstoy was born into a wealthy family in 1828 and experienced a privileged childhood. Tragically, he lost both of his parents by the age of nine and was raised by relatives, which significantly shaped his early life.

Education and Self-Learning

Tolstoy enrolled at the University of Kazan in 1844, initially studying Oriental languages before switching to law. However, he dropped out without completing his degree and returned to manage his estate, Yasnaya Polyana, where he educated himself in literature, philosophy, and ethics.

Military Service and Early Writings

Tolstoy served in the army during the Crimean War, an experience that deeply influenced his literary works. His first notable works were the autobiographical trilogy: “Childhood,” “Boyhood,” and “Youth,” published between 1852 and 1856.

Marriage and Family Life

In 1862, Tolstoy married Sophia Andreevna Behrs, with whom he had 13 children. Despite their large family, their relationship was strained due to Tolstoy’s spiritual and moral beliefs, which often conflicted with his wife’s views.

Major Novels: “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”

Tolstoy’s most famous works, “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina,” are monumental novels that explore Russian society in the 19th century. “War and Peace” is set during the Napoleonic Wars, while “Anna Karenina” is a tragic tale of love and infidelity.

Other Literary Contributions

In addition to his major novels, Tolstoy wrote influential short stories, essays, and novellas such as “The Death of Ivan Ilyich,” “Resurrection,” and “Hadji Murad.” These works further cemented his status as one of the greatest literary figures of all time.

Spiritual Transformation and Christian Anarchism

Later in life, Tolstoy rejected the Orthodox Church and embraced a form of Christian anarchism, focusing on the moral teachings of Jesus. His spiritual transformation led him to a life of simplicity and non-violence, greatly influencing his later works and actions.

Conflict with Authorities and Family

Tolstoy’s radical beliefs brought him into conflict with the Russian authorities, the Orthodox Church, and even his own family. He renounced his wealth and advocated for a life of poverty, distancing himself from his aristocratic background.

Final Years and Death

At the age of 82, Tolstoy left his home to escape the growing tension with his wife. He passed away shortly afterward, leaving behind a rich literary and philosophical legacy that continues to influence readers and thinkers worldwide.