Mary Engle Pennington

Early Life and Education

Mary Engle Pennington was born on October 8, 1872, in Nashville, Tennessee. She was one of the most influential figures in food science and refrigeration engineering. Her work changed food safety and perishable food preservation in the US.

Pennington’s family moved to Philadelphia when she was young. As a child, she showed an early fascination with science, particularly chemistry. When she was only 12, she went to a professor at the University of Pennsylvania to talk about a book on medical chemistry she had read. Though initially turned away, this meeting sparked a lifelong passion for scientific inquiry.

Pennington faced many gender barriers in education , but she was able overcome those. She graduated with a bachelor’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania’s Towne Scientific School in 1892. She was awarded a “certificate of proficiency” instead of a degree because of her gender. Pennington continued and received her Ph.D. in chemistry from the same institution in 1895, making her among the first women to do so.

Professional Career and Achievements

Mary Engle Pennington couldn’t find a job post-graduation due to gender bias, so she decided to do something of her own. She founded the Philadelphia Clinical Laboratory in 1898, conducting bacteriological analyses and pioneering work in food safety.

In 1905, Pennington joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Chemistry, which later became the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since she was really good at her work, she became the FDA’s first female lab chief in 1908. She lead the Food Research Laboratory. Her name was submitted as “M.E. Pennington” to conceal her gender and keep her position.

Contributions to Food Science and Refrigeration

Pennington’s work helped to implement the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. She developed standards for the safe processing of poultry and conducted research on the effects of refrigeration on food preservation. Through her research, she found that keeping food at a steady low temperature greatly decreased bacterial growth, prolonging the shelf life of perishable items.

In addition, she modernized the transportation of perishable foods by refining refrigerated railroad car structures. Through her work, fresh foods could be transported safely over long distances, changing the American food supply chain.

Later Career and Legacy

In 1919, Pennington left government service to work in the private sector, first with American Balsa Company and later as an independent consultant. She continued to make significant contributions to the field of refrigeration, particularly in home refrigeration technology.

Throughout her career, Pennington received many awards. She was awarded five patents, including one for a poultry cooling rack. In 1941, she was profiled in The New Yorker as the “Ice Woman,” recognizing her expertise in refrigeration. In 1947, she became a member of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers and was later honored in the National Women’s Hall of Fame after her death.

Mary Engle Pennington died on December 27, 1952, but her legacy still influences food safety and preservation methods today. She is considered a true pioneer in the field of food science and engineering for establishing the foundation of modern refrigeration techniques and food handling standards.